An administrative law judge is an official who presides over hearings within an agency, takes evidence and issues an initial decision. The agency or a court may review the decision.
Many regulatory disputes begin before these judges, with procedures that are less formal than a court's and timelines that vary by agency. Their decisions can be appealed within the agency and then to court.
Outcome and duration distributions can be built per agency and per judge from the public record, which is useful to respondents and to those assessing a matter's likely course.
An administrative law judge is not part of the judiciary. The office sits within the executive branch, and constitutional challenges to the structure have been raised.
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